Reduce or eliminate parking minimums; add parking maximums; develop district parking; install meters and charge for parking at curb and city-owned lots/ramps.

• The one-page Parking Strategies for Comprehensive Plans (Metropolitan Council: 2017) presents seven strategies and approaches, and lists parking reform resources. 
• Walkable Parking: How to Create Park-Once-and-Walk Districts provides a menu of market-based strategies to enable parking pools rather than trying to assure every on-site lot has 'enough' parking.
• See an analysis of how parking requirements increase rental costs in an article, The Hidden Cost of Bundled Parking, in the spring 2017 issue of Access magazine. 
• The well-researched guidebook to building sustainable, timeless communities - A Pattern Language - argues that the optimal portion of land allocated for transportation (in small to medium cities) is 19%. And the most dramatic incentive for decreasing the footprint/visual impact of parking is to tax land at a higher rate than buildings.

Policies & Regulation: 

• New Approaches to Parking Management (2021) produced by a GreenStep Cities technical advisor. This 13-page guide details the many benefits of updating parking requirements, policies, and practices. It includes steps to evaluate and modernize existing code, best practice examples, and resource list.
• Parking Lots: Case Studies and a Model Ordinance (UofM, 2013) was developed for the City of Minnetonka, provides a literature review, shares parking regulations in neighboring communities, and makes 8 recommendations for the City’s ordinance. (Produced by the Resilient Communities Project at the University of Minnesota, 2012. Reproduced under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License.)
• 1 of 11 “essential fixes” in Essential Smart Growth Fixes For Urban And Suburban Zoning Codes (U.S. EPA: 2009) includes "Fix Parking Requirements.”
• Consider the “parking requirement adjustment factors” based upon your community’s land use mix, residential and employment density, demographics (income, housing tenure, owners/renters) walk/bike facilities, and parking management strategies in the publication Reduced and More Accurate Parking Requirements (Planetizen, 2017)
• Donald Shoup, now retired from UCLA, authored the book: The High Cost of Free Parking (2005), a classic in the field of parking reform. He has also authored Parking and the City (2018) and numerous articles which have been published by Access magazine and Planning magazine. His data driven research showed the dubious statistics used in a key document on which many cities based their parking requirements. He promotes metered parking and the concept of parking benefit districts. His books and articles contain a wealth of data and examples.  
• In 2013, Minneapolis reduced parking requirements to zero for residential projects near high-frequency transit with 50 or fewer units,  and projects with more than 50 units had requirements cut in half, to one parking space for every two units. 

Engagement:

• Consider fine-tuning/softening the availability of street parking by selectively converting parking spaces (on a pilot basis, seasonally or permanently) into parklets and outdoor (retail) seating. See the Parklet Manual (2017) and a 2011 Park(ing) Day Manual.
• Engage community members and build support for parking changes through a Black Friday photo event, document unused parking during the busiest shopping day of the year.